Maharashtra state has implemented a new anti-conversion law that prohibits religious conversions obtained through force, fraud, coercion, or inducement. The legislation also requires individuals seeking voluntary conversion to notify authorities beforehand, with penalties of up to seven years imprisonment for violations and up to ten years for repeat offenses. In response to the law, some churches around Mumbai have begun asking worshippers to sign written declarations affirming they attended services of their own volition, a precautionary measure intended to protect congregations from potential legal challenges.
The government has framed the law as a protective measure for vulnerable populations, particularly those facing economic or social disadvantages. However, critics argue the legislation’s expansive definitions and severe consequences create significant risks by involving authorities in deeply personal religious decisions. Concerns have intensified within minority communities, particularly among Christians, regarding the impact of heightened scrutiny. Reports indicate increased disruptions of prayer gatherings, with police involvement in some incidents. Legal advocates and community leaders report growing uncertainty among worshippers about whether ordinary religious assembly could trigger conversion-related accusations.
The anxiety surrounding the law reflects ongoing disputes over alleged coercion in religious conversions. Hindu nationalist organizations have long claimed that Christians offer financial incentives, education, or medical services to draw people away from Hinduism, and that Muslim men court Hindu women to facilitate conversion—a narrative some describe as “love jihad.” These allegations have historically prompted confrontations at prayer meetings and interfaith relationships.
Critics have identified specific problematic provisions within the law. The definition of “allurement” encompasses employment opportunities, religious education, marriage promises, improved living standards, and faith healing, while even preferencing one religion over another may qualify. Retired judge Abhay Thipsay noted the definitions are excessively vague, allowing almost any benefit to potentially constitute unlawful inducement. Additionally, the law permits relatives to file police complaints regarding conversions, effectively shifting the burden of proof to those accused of facilitating conversions.
Maharashtra joins more than a dozen Indian states with religious conversion restrictions. The expansion of such laws has accelerated in states governed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s political party. Several measures have been challenged before India’s Supreme Court. Concerns extend to interfaith couples, as the law’s relative-complaint provision adds complications to marriages already facing family opposition.
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