Large-scale fires continue to burn across Indonesian territories, particularly in Sumatra, Kalimantan on the island of Borneo, and Papua. Land clearing through slash-and-burn agricultural practices, especially for oil palm plantations, frequently initiates these fires. Under hot and dry conditions, relatively small blazes can rapidly expand and spread toxic smoke across regional boundaries, impacting air quality far beyond Indonesia’s borders.
Fires burning on drained peatland present particular challenges, as they can persist underground for weeks and prove extremely difficult to extinguish. Data compiled by Nusantara Atlas indicates that approximately 895,657 hectares have burned nationwide since January, representing a 34 percent increase compared to 2019 figures. Experts characterize the current situation as significantly worse than previous severe fire years, with conditions potentially worsening through the autumn months.
Public health impacts have become severe. By early September, respiratory illness cases in affected provinces more than doubled within one week, rising from roughly 50,000 to over 113,000 individuals. Air quality measurements in central Kalimantan have repeatedly exceeded hazardous thresholds, with readings surpassing 1,100 on the air quality index scale. Schools have suspended operations and medical facilities have been overwhelmed with patients seeking treatment.
Transboundary smoke has affected neighboring Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines, prompting regional calls for enhanced cooperation. Malaysia has formally requested that regional organizations review existing agreements on transboundary haze. Meanwhile, Indonesia has launched enforcement actions, investigating companies and arresting individuals suspected of deliberately setting fires. The government has mobilized military assets, aircraft, and personnel, while international partners including Malaysia and Japan have contributed additional firefighting resources and personnel.
Community-based response efforts have also emerged, with volunteer firefighter groups conducting public awareness campaigns and distributing emergency oxygen supplies. Officials warn that critical conditions may persist through November, when seasonal rainfall is anticipated. El Niño conditions are cited as a contributing factor, though experts emphasize that human activity remains the fundamental driver of the fires.
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