Several US-based companies are pursuing sodium ion battery technology as an alternative to traditional lithium ion batteries, aiming to establish domestic manufacturing and supply chains. San Diego-based Unigrid has begun exporting its nine kilowatt hour sodium ion batteries to European markets, reporting increased demand during summer heat waves as homeowners seek to store power for off-peak usage. The company currently sources its sodium ion cells from China but indicates plans to transition to US suppliers in the future.
Sodium ion batteries offer potential advantages over lithium ion alternatives, including lower manufacturing costs, reduced fire risk, and broader temperature compatibility. However, questions remain about optimal design approaches and cost competitiveness. Current pricing for Unigrid’s sodium ion batteries stands at approximately $100 per kilowatt hour, compared to $81 per kilowatt hour for lithium iron phosphate batteries. Some analysts project sodium ion costs could eventually drop to $30 per kilowatt hour, though such reductions may require several years.
Technical concerns have emerged regarding Unigrid’s use of chromium-3 in its battery cathode. Academic experts note that under certain conditions, chromium-3 may convert to chromium-6, a toxic and potentially carcinogenic material. Unigrid maintains that its battery has passed European certification and safety testing, and that independent testing has not successfully generated chromium-6 formation even under intentionally extreme charging conditions.
Other US companies are similarly positioned in the sodium ion space. Emerald Battery Labs, based in Seattle, is developing auxiliary batteries for commercial vehicles, while Peak Energy announced a partnership with General Motors in June to create a domestic sodium ion supply chain, with plans for a Michigan production facility. Industry observers note that sodium ion batteries are less energy-dense than lithium ion alternatives, making them better suited for stationary storage applications than mobile devices. China currently leads global sodium ion battery manufacturing, though US companies believe competitive positioning is achievable.
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