Extreme heat poses health risks to the general population, with certain groups facing heightened vulnerability. Older adults, infants, young children, individuals with chronic conditions, and those living alone are among those requiring extra precautions during periods of hot weather.
When exposed to heat, the body undergoes several physiological changes to maintain its core temperature of approximately 37C. Blood vessels near the skin dilate to release heat, and sweating increases to cool the body through evaporation. However, this process lowers blood pressure and forces the heart to work harder to circulate blood. The combination of fluid and salt loss through perspiration, along with reduced blood pressure, can trigger heat exhaustion, characterized by symptoms including dizziness, nausea, fainting, confusion, muscle cramps, headaches, heavy sweating, and tiredness. If blood pressure drops significantly, the risk of heart attacks increases.
Certain populations face particular challenges during heat events. People with diabetes may lose water more rapidly, while those with heart disease or brain conditions like dementia may struggle to cope with the physical strain. Individuals taking specific medications—including diuretics, blood pressure medications, certain epilepsy and Parkinson’s treatments, lithium, and statins—may experience increased heat-related risks due to altered sweating capacity or dangerous changes in blood pressure and mineral balance.
Health authorities recommend staying indoors with curtains closed, avoiding sun exposure between 11:00 and 15:00, drinking adequate fluids, and monitoring vulnerable individuals. Heat exhaustion can typically be managed by moving to a cool location, elevating the feet, increasing fluid intake, and cooling the skin. However, if symptoms persist beyond 30 minutes, heatstroke—a medical emergency requiring immediate professional assistance—may develop. Heatstroke can cause body temperatures exceeding 40C, seizures, and loss of consciousness.
Historical data indicates significant mortality associated with extreme heat events, with most deaths resulting from heart attacks and strokes caused by physiological strain. Death rates increase substantially once temperatures exceed 25C-26C, with evidence suggesting the highest mortality occurs within the first 24 hours of a heatwave.
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