The Belém-Antalya mechanism represents an effort to operationalize support for workers and communities affected by the global shift toward low-carbon energy systems. Advocates for the mechanism argue that a “just transition” framework is necessary to ensure that the transition away from fossil fuels does not disproportionately harm those employed in carbon-intensive industries or dependent on related economic sectors.
The concept of a just transition originated during the 1980s when labor unions in the United States collaborated with environmental justice organizations. The principle subsequently gained prominence in international climate policy, receiving recognition in the 2015 Paris Agreement’s preamble, which referenced the need for “a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs.” Building on this foundation, the Polish presidency at COP24 highlighted the importance of just transitions, leading to formal establishment of a work programme on the subject at COP27.
Despite years of discussion, negotiations have proved contentious, particularly regarding the scope and financing of transition support. Developed nations have generally emphasized support for domestic workforces, while some developing countries have advocated for a more expansive approach that includes international assistance. These disagreements stalled progress at COP29 in 2024, but parties at COP30 in Brazil ultimately agreed to establish a formal institutional mechanism.
Civil society organizations, labor unions, and advocacy groups have played a significant role in advancing the mechanism’s development through campaigns, policy proposals, and public engagement efforts. These stakeholders have emphasized the need to translate the existing work programme into concrete action on the ground. However, significant questions remain regarding the mechanism’s specific functions, organizational structure, and financial arrangements, with parties continuing to negotiate these details as COP31 approaches.
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