A research study published in Reviews of Geophysics has documented a significant surge in sand and gravel extraction from riverbeds worldwide, with demand more than doubling over the last two decades. The extraction is being driven by the global boom in concrete production, which consumed 28 billion tonnes of sand and gravel in 2024 alone for city-building and infrastructure projects.
The study, which analyzed extraction data dating back to 1974, reveals that the acceleration in demand has been particularly pronounced since 2000. More than 80 percent of current extraction demand originates from Asia, where rapid urbanization and transportation infrastructure development in countries such as China and India have created substantial appetite for construction materials. Researchers identified rivers across Asia and Africa as major sources for this extraction.
The overextraction of these materials from natural waterways is producing multiple environmental consequences. Riverbanks are becoming structurally weakened, groundwater levels are declining, coastal regions are experiencing salt intrusion, and overall water quality is deteriorating in affected areas. Despite the significance of these impacts, comprehensive data on extraction rates remains limited globally, though available records indicate that in many locations extraction rates far exceed the rate at which natural sediment processes can replenish supplies.
Researchers have identified potential mitigation strategies to address the problem. Satellite imaging and advanced river mapping technologies could facilitate improved management of sand and gravel mining operations and reduce environmental damage. Additionally, reducing overall demand through more efficient material usage and the development of alternative construction materials could ease pressure on natural resources. Potential substitutes include processed construction waste, recycled glass, and treated ash byproducts from waste incineration facilities.
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