A study published in Reviews of Geophysics has documented a significant surge in sand and gravel extraction driven by global concrete production demands. In 2024 alone, approximately 28 billion tonnes of these materials were converted into concrete for construction and infrastructure projects worldwide. Research examining extraction patterns dating back to 1974 reveals that demand has more than doubled since 2000, with the surge concentrated primarily in Asia, which accounts for over 80% of current consumption.
The extraction is particularly intense across Asian and African rivers, where much of the material originates. In many regions where data is available, extraction rates substantially exceed the rate at which natural sediment processes replenish these resources. This imbalance has triggered multiple environmental consequences, including structural weakening of riverbanks, declining groundwater levels, saltwater intrusion in coastal areas, and deterioration of water quality.
Researchers propose several strategies to address the sustainability challenges posed by overextraction. Advanced satellite imaging and river mapping technologies could enable more effective management of mining operations while reducing environmental damage. Additionally, reducing overall demand through more efficient material use and the development of alternative construction materials could help ease pressure on natural sand and gravel reserves. Potential substitutes include processed construction waste, recycled glass, and treated bottom ash generated from waste incineration facilities.
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