Research indicates that replacing dairy products with plant-based alternatives may contribute to inadequate intake of several key micronutrients, with particular concern regarding iodine levels among vulnerable populations.
According to modeling conducted by researchers at the University of Surrey, partial replacement of dairy consumption with plant-based options could significantly increase the prevalence of iodine deficiency. The analysis suggested that substituting one-fifth to one-third of dairy intake with plant-based alternatives would raise iodine deficiency prevalence from 54% to 65% among adolescent girls and from 32% to 42% among women aged 19 to 49. Complete substitution of dairy products led to even higher deficiency rates, with inadequate iodine levels reaching 80% in teenage girls and 72% in teenage boys in modeled scenarios.
The investigation examined 146 non-dairy milks, 76 yogurts, and 67 cheeses available on the UK market. While many products contained added calcium (61%) and vitamin B12 (46%), fewer were fortified with riboflavin (19%) or iodine (12%). Beyond iodine concerns, the research identified potential deficiencies in calcium, riboflavin, and vitamin B12 when dairy products are substantially replaced by plant-based alternatives.
Iodine deficiency carries documented health implications, particularly affecting thyroid function, metabolism, and cognitive development. Researchers emphasized that adolescent girls and women of childbearing age represent especially vulnerable populations, as iodine plays a critical role during these life stages. The study noted that in the UK, children obtain approximately half their iodine from dairy products, while adults obtain about one-third from this source.
Several major plant-based food manufacturers indicated they already fortify products with key micronutrients. Experts recommended that consumers seeking plant-based options select products fortified with iodine and check packaging labels. A registered dietitian noted that overall dietary composition remains important and that complete nutrient deficiency is not inevitable for those transitioning to plant-based alternatives, particularly when dietary variety is maintained.
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